• Base Value(2026): 245.0 Mn
  • Forecast Value (2036): 1180.0 Mn
  • CAGR (2036): 17.0%

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Forecast and Outlook By FACT.MR

The spent EV coolant recycling market reached USD 210.0 million in 2025. Fact MR estimates the market will expand to USD 245.0 million in 2026 andattain 1,180.0 million by 2036. The market is forecast to register a CAGR of 17.0% across the assessment period.

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Value Analysis

Summary of the Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market

  • Market Definition
    • The market comprises technologies and services that recover, purify, and regenerate used thermal management fluids from electric vehicles, including glycol-based and dielectric coolants utilized in battery packs, power electronics, and drivetrain thermal systems. Recycling processes restore chemical stability, remove contaminants, and enable reuse of heat transfer fluids within automotive or industrial thermal management applications.
  • Demand Drivers
    • Increasing electric vehicle deployment expanding installed base of liquid thermal management systems requiring periodic coolant replacement.
    • Growing requirement for recovery of glycol-based fluids supporting reduction of chemical waste disposal volumes.
    • Rising regulatory oversight of automotive hazardous fluid disposal encouraging controlled recycling pathways.
    • Increasing adoption of dielectric immersion fluids requiring specialized purification and regeneration processes.
    • Expansion of circular material management strategies across automotive chemical supply chains.
    • Rising demand for cost optimization through recovery of reusable base fluids used in coolant formulation.
  • Key Segments Analyzed
    • Coolant Type: Ethylene glycol-based fluids account for 46% share due to widespread use in EV battery thermal regulation systems.
    • Source: Passenger electric vehicles represent 41% share supported by growing installed base of liquid-cooled battery architectures.
    • Process Role: Distillation, filtration, and chemical treatment technologies enable removal of degradation compounds from used coolant fluids.
    • Technology Function: Fluid recovery systems support regeneration of heat transfer media enabling reuse within automotive thermal management cycles.
    • Geography: Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America demonstrate adoption aligned with EV lifecycle material recovery development.
  • Analyst Opinion at Fact MR
    • Shambhu Nath Jha, Principal Consultant, Fact MR, opines, 'In this updated edition of the Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market report, closed-loop thermal fluid management systems increasingly support circular lifecycle strategies across electric mobility supply chains through 2036.'
  • Strategic Implications or Executive Takeaways
    • Invest in glycol purification technologies capable of restoring chemical stability of used EV thermal management fluids.
    • Strengthen collection infrastructure supporting recovery of spent coolant across vehicle service networks.
    • Expand recycling process capability supporting treatment of dielectric immersion fluids used in advanced battery cooling systems.
    • Improve material recovery yield supporting reduction of virgin chemical feedstock demand.
    • Focus on integration capability supporting compatibility with automotive service ecosystem fluid handling processes.
    • Enhance collaboration with coolant manufacturers supporting closed-loop thermal fluid lifecycle management strategies.
  • Methodology
    • Primary interviews conducted with coolant recyclers, chemical recovery specialists, automotive service providers, and EV manufacturers.
    • Benchmarked against EV production indicators influencing thermal management fluid consumption volumes.
    • Evaluated purification technologies supporting regeneration of glycol-based coolant materials.
    • Hybrid modeling applied combining top down EV fleet growth assessment with bottom up coolant replacement volume benchmarking.
    • Validation conducted using supplier level chemical recovery technology adoption indicators across automotive fluid recycling environments.
    • Peer review applied using Fact MR analytical frameworks linking EV lifecycle material recovery trends with thermal fluid recycling demand.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market

Metric Details
Industry Size (2026E) USD 245.0 million
Industry Value (2036F) USD 1,180.0 million
CAGR (2026 to 2036) 17.0%

A CAGR of 17.0%indicates transformational expansion as electric vehicle lifecycle management incorporates coolant recovery and reuse pathways. Growth is supported by material cost recovery incentives and environmental compliance requirements, while constraints persist from collection logisticscomplexity, fluid contamination variability, and standardization challenges across EV thermal management systems.

China leads with a projected CAGR of 18.9%, supported by expansion of electric vehicle lifecycle material recovery infrastructure across battery and thermal management systems. India follows with a CAGR of 18.2%, driven by increasing development of coolant recycling processes across electric mobility service networks. The United Kingdom records a CAGR of 17.8%, reflecting steady implementation of fluid recovery and purification systems across EV maintenance ecosystems. Germany shows a CAGR of 17.5%, supported by consistent integration of circular material processing technologies across automotivecomponentsupply chains. The United States records the slowest growth at 17.0%, reflecting an emerging recycling ecosystem tied to incremental adoption cycles within electric vehicle service infrastructure.

Segmental Analysis

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Analysis by Coolant Type

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Analysis By Coolant Type

  • Market Overview: Based on Fact MR assessment, ethylene glycol based coolant is projected to account for 46% share of the spent EV coolant recycling market in 2026. Ethylene glycol formulations are widely utilized across electric vehicle thermal management systems requiring controlled heat transfer performance across battery packs, power electronics, and electric drive components. Recycling workflows involve filtration, distillation, and impurity removal processes enabling recovery of glycol base fluid suitable for reuse in coolant blending applications. Chemical stability characteristics support separation of degradation byproducts formed during thermal cycling conditions encountered in vehicle cooling circuits requiring defined purification performance across recycling operations.
  • Demand Drivers:
    • Thermal Fluid Recovery Requirements: Ethylene glycol based coolant recycling supports regeneration of heat transfer fluids enabling reuse across vehicle thermal management systems.
    • Chemical Separation Parameters: Recycling processes support removal of contaminants including corrosion inhibitors and degradation residues affecting coolant performance.
    • Material Reuse Needs: Recovery of glycol components supports supply of base fluid inputs across coolant formulation manufacturing workflows.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Analysis by Source

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Analysis By Source

  • Market Overview: Passenger electric vehicles are estimated to hold 41% share of the spent EV coolant recycling market in 2026, supported by increasing deployment of battery electric vehicles utilizing liquid cooling systems requiring periodic replacement of thermal management fluids. Coolant replacement workflows generate used glycol solutions requiring treatment and recovery processes enabling reintegration of purified coolant materials across automotive thermal management supply chains. Recycling integration supports handling of fluid waste streams generated during vehicle servicing operations requiring controlled processing of used coolant materials across automotive maintenance infrastructure.
  • Demand Drivers:
    • Vehicle Maintenance Requirements: Passenger EV servicing generates spent coolant requiring recycling processes supporting recovery of reusable thermal fluid components.
    • Thermal System Compatibility Parameters: Recovered glycol fluids support formulation of coolant blends suitable for battery and power electronics cooling applications.
    • Fluid Processing Needs: Recycling workflows enable treatment of used coolant materials supporting reduction of waste generation across electric vehicle maintenance operations.

Key Dynamics

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Opportunity Matrix Growth Vs Value

FMR analysts observe that historical thermal management fluids in electric vehicles were treated as maintenance consumables similar to conventional automotive coolants, with limited focus on end-of-life recovery pathways. The present market size reflects an emerging circular value chain linked to increasing volumes of glycol-based and dielectric coolants used in lithium-ion battery packs, power electronics, and thermal loops requiring periodic replacement during vehicle lifecycle servicing. Structural reality indicates an early growth environmental services market because EV production scale expansion directly increases installed base of coolant fluids requiring treatment, purification, or material recovery. Liquid cooling systems remain dominant due to their effectiveness in maintaining battery operating temperature stability and safety performance.

The current structural shift reflects declining assumption that spent coolants can follow traditional automotive disposal pathways, as EV-specific dielectric fluids and additives require controlled recycling to prevent contamination and recover reusable chemical components. Recycling cost per liter remains relatively high due to purification complexity and low collection volumes, yet increasing EV parc size improves long-term recovery economics through scale efficiency. Market value growth is supported by rising EV adoption which increases total coolant consumption volume across vehicle lifecycles.

  • Thermal Fluid Lifecycle: Growth in lithium-ion battery thermal management increases volume of glycol-based and dielectric coolants requiring periodic replacement and material recovery.
  • Hazardous Waste Compliance: EU Battery Regulation and national hazardous waste frameworks encourage controlled recycling of automotive thermal fluids to reduce environmental contamination risk.
  • Asia EV Scale: China and South Korea drive early recycling demand due to high EV production volumes and expanding service networks supporting coolant replacement cycles.

Regional Analysis

The Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market is assessed across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, segmented by country-level demand in glycol recovery systems, closed-loop coolant purification technologies, lithium-ion battery thermal fluid recycling, and automotive fluid circularity solutions. Regional demand reflects expansion of electric vehicle production and increasing focus on recovery of automotive thermal management fluids. The full report offers market attractiveness analysis.

Top Country Growth Comparison Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Cagr (2026 2036)

CAGR Table of Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market

Country CAGR (2026–2036)
China 18.9%
India 18.2%
United Kingdom 17.8%
Germany 17.5%
United States 17.0%

Source: Fact MR analysis, based on proprietary forecasting model and primary research

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Cagr Analysis By Country

Asia Pacific

Asia Pacific functions as the EV fluid circularity technology deployment hub, supported by expansion of electric vehicle manufacturing capacity and adoption of automotive coolant recovery systems. Veolia Environnement S.A. strengthens industrial fluid recycling capability. BASF SE expands thermal fluid material lifecycle management solutions. GEM Co., Ltd. supports battery material recycling ecosystem development.

  • China: China is projected to record 18.9% CAGR in spent EV coolant recycling through 2036. New Energy Vehicle circular economy guideline update (National Development and Reform Commission, March 2024) supports automotive fluid recycling adoption. GEM Co., Ltd. expanded battery material recovery ecosystem capability (June 2023).
  • India: Adoption of spent EV coolant recycling systems in India is forecast to grow at 18.2% CAGR through 2036. Battery Waste Management Rules implementation update (Ministry of Environment, January 2024) supports recovery of EV thermal fluids. Tata Chemicals Limited expanded automotive fluid recycling capability (May 2023).

Europe

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Europe Country Market Share Analysis, 2026 & 2036

Europe operates as the automotive circular material compliance benchmark, supported by structured end-of-life vehicle directives and adoption of fluid recovery technologies across EV manufacturing supply chains. BASF SE strengthens coolant chemistry lifecycle optimization capability. Veolia Environnement S.A. expands industrial fluid purification infrastructure. Umicore N.V. supports circular material ecosystem development.

  • United Kingdom: Deployment of spent EV coolant recycling technologies in United Kingdom is expected to expand at 17.8% CAGR through 2036. UK End-of-Life Vehicle regulation update (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, February 2024) supports automotive fluid recovery adoption. Veolia Environnement S.A. expanded industrial fluid purification engineering capability (July 2023).
  • Germany: Germany is anticipated to observe 17.5% CAGR in spent EV coolant recycling through 2036. EU Battery Regulation lifecycle material recovery framework update (Federal Ministry for the Environment, October 2023) supports EV coolant circularity infrastructure development. BASF SE expanded battery thermal fluid recovery capability (April 2023).

North America

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Country Value Analysis

North America represents the automotive fluid recovery commercialization environment, supported by expansion of EV manufacturing supply chains and increasing integration of circular economy material recovery systems. Honeywell International Inc. strengthens industrial fluid purification technologies. Heritage Crystal Clean Inc. expands automotive fluid recycling services. Eastman Chemical Company supports specialty fluid reprocessing capability.

  • United States: The United States is forecast to witness 17.0% CAGR in spent EV coolant recycling through 2036. Department of Energy EV supply chain circularity initiative update (April 2024) supports recovery of battery thermal management fluids. Heritage Crystal Clean Inc. expanded automotive fluid recycling processing capability (August 2023).

Fact MR's analysis of spent EV coolant recycling market in global regions consists of country-wise assessment that includes China, India, United Kingdom, Germany, and United States. Readers can find EV fluid recovery trends, thermal management material recycling developments, circular supply chain signals, and competitive positioning across key markets.

Competitive Landscape

Competitive Structure and Buyer Dynamics in the Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Analysis By Company

The competitive structure of the Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market is moderately fragmented, with environmental services companies and lubricant manufacturers participating across coolant recovery and reprocessing activities. Companies such as Veolia Environment SA, Clean Harbors Inc., Safety Kleen Systems Inc., Heritage Crystal Clean Inc., and Recochem Inc. maintain strong positions through established hazardous waste collection networks and fluid recycling infrastructure. Additional participants including BASF SE, TotalEnergies SE, Castrol Ltd., Valvoline Inc., and Prestone Products Corporation contribute through coolant formulation expertise and fluid lifecycle management capabilities. Competition is primarily influenced by recycling efficiency, regulatory compliance capability, collection logistics coverage, and ability to process glycol based coolant materials from electric vehicle systems.

Several companies maintain structural advantages through established waste management infrastructure and strong relationships with automotive service providers and fleet operators generating used coolant volumes. Firms such as Veolia Environment SA and Clean Harbors Inc. benefit from extensive industrial waste processing networks supporting consistent material recovery operations. BASF SE and TotalEnergies SE maintain advantages through expertise in coolant chemistry and closed loop material reuse capabilities. Automotive service networks typically evaluate multiple recycling partners to reduce dependence on a single waste processing provider and ensure regulatory compliance continuity. Procurement decisions assess suppliers based on recovery efficiency, service coverage, and long term environmental compliance capability, moderating supplier pricing leverage across coolant recycling services.

Key Players of the Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market

  • Veolia Environment SA
  • Clean Harbors Inc.
  • Safety Kleen Systems Inc.
  • Valvoline Inc.
  • BASF SE
  • TotalEnergies SE
  • Castrol Ltd.
  • Prestone Products Corporation
  • Recochem Inc.
  • Heritage Crystal Clean Inc.

Bibliographies

  • [1] Federal Ministry for the Environment Nature Conservation Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection. (2023, October). EU battery regulation lifecycle material recovery framework update. Government of Germany.
  • [2] Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change. (2024, January). Battery waste management rules implementation update. Government of India.
  • [3] National Development and Reform Commission. (2024, March). New energy vehicle circular economy guideline update. Government of China.
  • [4] U.S. Department of Energy. (2024, April). EV supply chain circularity initiative update. U.S. Department of Energy.
  • [5] Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. (2024, February). UK end of life vehicle regulation update. UK Government.
  • [6] BASF SE. (2023, April). Battery thermal fluid recovery capability expansion. BASF SE.
  • [7] GEM Co Ltd. (2023, June). Battery material recovery ecosystem capability expansion. GEM Co Ltd.
  • [8] Heritage Crystal Clean Inc. (2023, August). Automotive fluid recycling processing capability expansion. Heritage Crystal Clean Inc.
  • [9] Tata Chemicals Limited. (2023, May). Automotive fluid recycling capability expansion. Tata Chemicals Limited.
  • [10] Veolia Environnement SA. (2023, July). Industrial fluid purification engineering capability expansion. Veolia Environnement SA.

This Report Addresses

  • Market size forecasts for 2026 to 2036 based on growth in electric vehicle thermal fluid recovery volumes.
  • Opportunity mapping across ethylene glycol based, propylene glycol based, dielectric immersion fluids, and hybrid coolant blend recycling pathways.
  • Segment and regional forecasts covering distillation recycling, filtration purification, chemical treatment, and additive regeneration processing technologies.
  • Competition benchmarking based on chemical purification efficiency, contaminant removal capability, and integration with automotive fluid recovery infrastructure.
  • Regulatory assessment covering hazardous waste compliance requirements and lifecycle material recovery frameworks influencing EV coolant recycling adoption.
  • Report delivery in PDF, Excel, PPT, and dashboard formats supporting chemical recyclers, automotive service providers, and circular material processing stakeholders.
  • Supply chain risk analysis covering collection logistics variability, contamination level uncertainty, and chemical stability constraints affecting coolant regeneration performance.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Definition

The Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market includes collection, treatment, purification, and reuse processes for used electric vehicle thermal management fluids, typically water glycol based liquids, recovered from battery packs, power electronics, and thermal systems to remove contaminants, restore chemical stability, and enable reuse in automotive or industrial heat transfer applications.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Inclusions

The report includes global and regional market size estimates, forecast analysis, and segmentation by coolant chemistry such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol mixtures, recycling process type, application area, end use sector, pricing structure, and integration across EV lifecycle and circular fluid management value chains.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Exclusions

The scope excludes EV battery recycling processes focused on metals recovery, thermal management hardware components, conventional automotive antifreeze markets not linked to EV systems, and chemical recycling technologies unrelated to heat transfer fluid purification.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Research Methodology

  • Primary Research
    • Interviews were conducted with coolant recyclers, EV manufacturers, thermal fluid suppliers, automotive service providers, and chemical recovery technology specialists.
  • Desk Research
    • Public sources included EV thermal management literature, chemical recycling technical documentation, regulatory guidance on fluid disposal, and research studies on glycol recovery processes.
  • Market-Sizing and Forecasting
    • A hybrid model combining top-down EV fleet growth evaluation and bottom-up analysis of coolant replacement and recovery volumes was applied.
  • Data Validation and Update Cycle
    • Outputs were validated through cross comparison of recycling technology data, expert consultation, and periodic monitoring of EV lifecycle fluid recovery developments.

Report Scope

Spent Ev Coolant Recycling Market Breakdown By Coolant Type, Source, And Region

Metric Value
Quantitative Units USD 245.0 million (2026) to USD 1,180.0 million (2036), at a CAGR of 17.0%
Market Definition The spent EV coolant recycling market includes recovery and purification processes designed to regenerate used thermal management fluids from electric vehicles to restore functional properties, reduce hazardous waste generation, and support circular material utilization in battery cooling systems.
Coolant Type Segmentation Ethylene glycol based, Propylene glycol based, Dielectric immersion fluids, Hybrid coolant blends
Process Segmentation Distillation recycling, Filtration purification, Chemical treatment, Additive regeneration
Source Segmentation Passenger EVs, Commercial EV fleets, Battery manufacturers, Service networks
Regions Covered North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Middle East and Africa
Countries Covered United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Singapore, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, and 40+ countries
Key Companies Profiled Veolia Environment SA, Clean Harbors Inc., Safety Kleen Systems Inc., Valvoline Inc., BASF SE, TotalEnergies SE, Castrol Ltd., Prestone Products Corporation, Recochem Inc., Heritage Crystal Clean Inc.
Forecast Period 2026 to 2036
Approach Hybrid top-down and bottom-up market estimation based on electric vehicle thermal management fluid consumption benchmarking, recycling technology adoption rates, hazardous waste management regulatory compliance trends, circular fluid recovery demand patterns, and validation through primary interviews with coolant manufacturers, recycling technology providers, and automotive service networks.

Spent EV Coolant Recycling Market Key Segments

  • Coolant Type:

    • Ethylene Glycol Based
    • Propylene Glycol Based
    • Dielectric Immersion Fluids
    • Hybrid Coolant Blends
  • Process:

    • Distillation Recycling
    • Filtration Purification
    • Chemical Treatment
    • Additive Regeneration
  • Source:

    • Passenger EVs
    • Commercial EV Fleets
    • Battery Manufacturers
    • Service Networks
  • Region:

    • North America
      • USA
      • Canada
      • Mexico
    • Europe
      • Germany
      • UK
      • France
      • Italy
      • Spain
      • Nordic Countries
      • BENELUX
      • Rest of Europe
    • Asia Pacific
      • China
      • Japan
      • South Korea
      • India
      • Australia
      • Rest of Asia Pacific
    • Latin America
      • Brazil
      • Argentina
      • Rest of Latin America
    • Middle East and Africaa
      • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
      • United Arab Emirates
      • South Africa
      • Rest of Middle East and Africa
    • Other Regions
      • Oceania
      • Central Asia
      • Other Markets

- Frequently Asked Questions -

How large is the demand for Spent EV Coolant Recycling in the global market in 2026?

Demand for spent EV coolant recycling in the global market is estimated to be valued at USD 245.0 million in 2026.

What will be the market size of Spent EV Coolant Recycling in the global market by 2036?

Market size for spent EV coolant recycling is projected to reach USD 1,180.0 million by 2036.

What is the expected demand growth for Spent EV Coolant Recycling in the global market between 2026 and 2036?

Demand for spent EV coolant recycling is expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.0% between 2026 and 2036.

Which company is identified as a leading provider in the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market?

Veolia Environment SA is identified as a leading participant due to its industrial recycling technology portfolio and environmental services capabilities.

Which coolant type is projected to dominate spent EV coolant recycling demand by 2026?

Ethylene glycol-based coolants are expected to account for approximately 46% of total market share in 2026 due to widespread use in EV thermal management systems.

Why are ethylene glycol-based coolants widely used in electric vehicle thermal systems?

Ethylene glycol provides effective heat transfer properties and temperature stability required for battery and power electronics cooling.

What is driving demand for spent EV coolant recycling technologies in China?

Expansion of electric vehicle production and increasing implementation of chemical recovery processes are supporting market growth.

What is the growth outlook for the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market in China?

China is projected to expand at a CAGR of 18.9% during 2026 to 2036 supported by EV fluid recycling demand.

Why is India an important market for EV coolant recycling technologies?

Growth in electric vehicle adoption and increasing implementation of chemical waste recovery systems contribute to steady demand.

What is the growth outlook for the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market in India?

India is projected to grow at a CAGR of 18.2% between 2026 and 2036 supported by EV fluid management demand.

How is demand for spent EV coolant recycling evolving in the United Kingdom automotive sector?

Demand is supported by development of EV lifecycle management systems and adoption of chemical recycling technologies.

What is the growth outlook for the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market in the United Kingdom?

The United Kingdom is projected to expand at a CAGR of 17.8% during 2026 to 2036 supported by EV recycling demand.

What is the growth outlook for the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market in Germany?

Germany is projected to grow at a CAGR of 17.5% between 2026 and 2036 supported by EV chemical recovery demand.

How is the United States positioned in the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market?

The United States demonstrates steady demand supported by implementation of EV fluid recycling and recovery technologies.

What is the growth outlook for the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market in the United States?

The United States is projected to expand at a CAGR of 17.0% during 2026 to 2036 supported by EV lifecycle management demand.

What is spent EV coolant recycling and what is it mainly used for?

Spent EV coolant recycling refers to recovery and purification of used thermal management fluids from electric vehicle battery cooling systems.

What does the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market include in this report?

The market includes chemical recovery systems, fluid purification technologies, coolant recycling processes, and industrial waste fluid management solutions.

What applications are included in the scope of the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market?

Scope covers EV battery cooling fluid recycling, chemical recovery processes, automotive fluid lifecycle management, and industrial coolant purification technologies.

What is excluded from the scope of the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market report?

General automotive fluid recycling technologies not configured for EV coolant recovery are excluded unless integrated within EV fluid recycling systems.

What does market forecast mean in the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market report?

Market forecast represents a structured projection based on electric vehicle lifecycle management trends and adoption of chemical recycling technologies.

How is the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market forecast developed in this report?

Forecast modeling is based on evaluation of electric vehicle production activity, fluid recovery demand patterns, and supplier technology deployment indicators.

What does primary validation indicate in the Spent EV Coolant Recycling market analysis?

Primary validation involves assessment of EV lifecycle management adoption indicators, chemical recycling data, and supplier level technology deployment trends supporting forecast assumptions.